Thirty Years War Essay Example For Students

Thirty Years War Essay The causes of the Thirty Years War can be traced as far back as the renaissance period. It was during the renaissance that such ideals as secularism, humanism, individualism, rationalism and above all else secularism were first apparent in main stream society. These ideas led to the protestant reformation, which is an even more direct cause of the war. The split of the Catholic Church, as a result of the protestant reformation left Europe in a state of religious turmoil and chaos. The gradual increase in intolerance and religious sectionalism that coincided with the addition of new religions and even more diversity has been marked as the main cause of the Thirty Years War. The effects of the war would prove to be devastating to most of Europe, evidenced by the sharp drop in population, but it was especially devastating to Germany. However, there were some countries and bodies of people that emerged from the conflict improved such as France, Sweden, and the religion of Calvinism. Ther e were many territorial and dynastic issues that figured in the outbreak and conduct of the war as well, but it is believed that these factors did not become important until the middle stages of the war. The territorial and dynastic causes, which go hand in hand, did however, cause the war to continue longer than it most likely would have if religion had been the only motive. The extent of religious motives therefor is debated, but cannot be dismissed. The immediate causes of the war began with the resistance and eventual revolt of Protestant nobles in Bohemia, due to the religious intolerance mentioned before, which was under Hapsburg domination, against the Catholic king Ferdinand. The reasons and causes for its spread throughout Europe include the constitutional frailty of the Holy Roman Empire, the inability of the German states to act in concert, and the ambitions of other European powers. These were the causes that would eventually be responsible for the war lasting as long as it did. We will write a custom essay on Thirty Years War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The political motives became more and more prevalent when Sweden entered the war to help the Protestant cause. Sweden did not enter the war for religious reasons at all; they were looking to gain land. Finally it seemed that religion was completely forgotten and abandoned as a cause when Catholic France and Protestant Sweden joined forces against the Catholic Hapsburgs. France was worried that the Hapsburgs were becoming too powerful so they decided to assert their influence into the war. The results and effects of the war and the two peace treaties were highly significant. France replaced Spain as the greatest power in Europe. With Sweden, France had blocked the Habsburg efforts to strengthen their authority in the Empire. At Westphalia, the right of the individual states within the Empire to make war and conclude alliances was recognized. In theory as well as in fact, the most important of these states became virtually autonomous, and German unity was postponed for more than two centuries. The Empire was further dismembered by the recognition of the independence of Switzerland and the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands. Two new powers emerged in northern Germany. France received most of Alsace by the Treaty of Westphalia, and by the Treaty of Pyrenees parts of Flanders and Artois in the Spanish Netherlands and lands in the Pyrenees. The religious settlement at Westphalia confirmed the predominance of Catholicism in southern Germany and of Protestantism in northern Germany. The principle accepted by the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 that Catholic and Lutheran princes could determine the religion practiced in their territory was maintained, and this privilege was extended to include the Calvinists as well. .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .postImageUrl , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:hover , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:visited , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:active { border:0!important; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:active , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biotechnology EssayThe Austrian Habsburgs had failed in their efforts to increase their authority in the Empire and to eradicate Protestantism, but they emerged from the war stronger than before. In Bohemia, they had stamped out Protestantism, broken the power of the old nobility, and declared the crown hereditary in the male line of their family. With Bohemia now firmly in their grasp and with their large group of adjoining territories, they were ready to expand to the east in the Balkans, to the south in Italy, or to interfere once more in the

Essay Dialog Essay Example

Essay Dialog Essay Example Essay Dialog Essay Essay Dialog Essay getting to know other cultures and taking personal time for building interpersonal relationships. Travel may be local, regional, national (domestic) or international. In some countries, non-local internal travel may require an internal passport, while international travel typically requires a passport and visa. A trip may also be part of a round trip, which is a particular type of travel whereby a person moves from their usual residence to one or several locations and returns. Thailand is not the only country in south-east Asia with stunning beaches. Malaysia has dozens of tiny islands on both the east and west coast that rival the beauty of southern Thailand. Plus, the beaches in Malaysia have the added advantage of being relatively unknown. One important fact to keep in mind when planning a trip to any of Malaysia’s beaches is the monsoon season – do not visit the east coast of Malaysia between November and March, unless you like rain. Lots of rain. That one caveat aside, here are my top picks for a beach-hopping Malaysian adventure. Malaysia’s east coast is the top spot to catch some rays for those living in Kuala Lumpur (KL) – it’s cheap and easy to reach by plane on one of the country’s budget airlines, even for just a long weekend. The water is crystal clear, the beaches are powdery soft and blindingly white. My favorites on the east coast are: Redang. The most expensive of the east coast islands, Redang is truly paradise. Very few Malaysians actually live on the island, so you pretty much have the whole place to yourself. Snorkeling is available off any beach; if you’re lucky, you might even see some sea turtles. Redang is well known as a turtle sanctuary, they usually lay their eggs on Turtle Beach on the north of the island. Berjaya Air makes it very easy to get to Redang from KL’s Subang airport (a 45-minute flight, and you’re on the beach within five minutes of arriving). Perhentian Islands. A selection of smaller islands just north of Redang, the Perhentians are very popular with budget travelers. The beaches are totally unspoilt, with a wide variety of beach huts right on the shore, for just the right price. A favorite for diving and snorkeling, the Perhentians are a great place to earn your scuba diving certificate. Tioman Island. Part of Malaysia’s protected marine park islands, Tioman is a snorkeling and divers paradise. The abundant coral reefs off the northern coast of the island are home to a huge variety of colorful tropical fish within easy reach of the shore. Tioman is quite close to Singapore, towards the south of Malaysia’s east coast and sees quite a few tourists from both Singapore and Malaysia each year. You will find larger, more budget-friendly hotels all around this popular island. Berjaya Air offers quick and easy flights directly to Tioman or you can take the bus to the coast, and then a ferry to the island. Langkawi. Malaysia’s duty-free island, Langkawi is the most touristy and lively island on the west coast. Although the beaches aren’t quite as beautiful as those on the east coast, there is a much wider variety of hotels, restaurants, and shops on this tourist hot spot. Langkawi has the added advantage of being available all year round – no monsoon closures for this northern island. The island is big enough for more than just beach sports, which make it especially attractive for more active travelers. There is a beautiful hike up to the Seven Wells (waterfalls) on the north of the island or the absolutely beautiful cable car ride up to the top of the highest mountain on Langkawi – providing breathtaking views of the ocean and nearby islands. Langkawi is also home to the most luxurious hotels Malaysia has to offer – the Datai and the Four Seasons. If you’re looking for a weekend of pampering, look no further than the beautiful island of Langkawi. Pangkor Island. Although not the most beautiful of Malaysian beaches, Pangkor is within an easy drive from KL – a great option for a weekend escape. There are several large hotels around Pangkor Island, but most expats opt for the Pangkor Beach Resort. If you’re looking to splurge, Pangkor Laut is a privately owned island resort with stunning over-water bungalows, 5-star service, and door-to-door transportation included. An easy weekend get-away from the hustle and bustle of KL. Borneo. The island of Borneo, shared between Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia is quickly becoming a hot spot for well-traveled divers. On the west coast of Borneo, Turtle Beach and Golden Beach are part of the Similajau National Park. Both beaches are turtle nesting grounds, within a larger nature reserve full of tropical wildlife, jungle streams, waterfalls and plenty of animal residents. The natural parks of Sarawak are the perfect place to enjoy an invigorating jungle trek, bird watching, or just relaxing on the many perfect beaches. Sipadan, on the east coast of Borneo, is one of the top dive spots in the world, by far the best in Malaysia. The island is an environmental reserve area so there are limits to the number of visitors per day. Diving in Sipadan is an amazing experience – you may see schools of greenback and hawksbill turtles, barracuda, manta rays, even hammerhead and whale sharks! The island is best for diving, rather than snorkeling or sunbathing, so make sure you plan in advance for a full-on diving experience. Travel Tips Precautions Not to sound like your mother, but†¦ Pack plenty of sunblock. While sunblock should be available at most resorts, some hotels on the smaller islands can be understocked. Since Malaysia isn’t far from the equator, just a few minutes in the midday sun can leave you scorched. * Bring mosquito repellent and walking shoes. Even if you plan to vegetate on the beach every day, you might find yourself trekking through Malaysia’s abundant and colorfu l rain forest at some point. * Don’t lose your cool. As in most Asian societies, Malaysian culture values polite interactions which allow both parties to â€Å"save face. Courteous persistence with resort staff or locals will probably get you further than getting visibly upset. Note that Islamic tradition dictates that you should hand things to Malays using your right hand, not your left. * Safeguard your valuables. Regardless of how secure your resort might seem, tourists’ piles of expensive cameras and telephones can be tempting to locals, and things do occasionally go missing. Use the safe in your room, or leave valuables at the hotel desk, and keep an eye on your goods while bathing. Example of some places that popular Heeren Street Jonker Street Malacca -Heeren Street which is also known as the ‘First Class Gentlemen Street’ or the ‘Millionaires Row’, is a road with double storey houses similar to that of the modern terrace houses, but much longer. The houses portray a rich and detailed mix of Chinese, European and Peranakan architecture. Till today, the Peranakans (Baba Nyonyas) do live in them, making this a living heritage, though there are also some being turned into galleries, cafes, hotels and eateries. Khoo Kongsi Georgetown, Penang Khoo Kongsi, reputedly known as ‘The Heritage Jewel of Penang’. The grand architecture is said to resemble that of the Emperor’s palace in China. Myth explained that this was the reason that the clan house was burnt down only 29 nights after its completion as a wrath from the Gods. Petronas Twin Towers -Visiting Malaysia is never complete, if one never visits this twin towers†¦. and that include Malaysians, be it from KL or any other parts of the country. The 88-storey Petronas Twin Towers is one of the world’s tallest buildings in the world, soaring to a height of 452 metres above the city skyline. Designed by Cesar Pelli in 1997 and mostly constructed with steel and glass, the towers were the world’s tallest when completed. Tengku Tengah Zaharah Mosque Teluk Ibai, Terengganu -Miraculously seen as floating on the water and hence the nickname The Floating Mosque of the East. The distinctive design of the mosque on a floating platform and its beautiful location on a lagoon by the mouth of Sungai Ibai creates the enchantingly floating impression to viewers. Sarawak Cultural Village Santubong, Sarawak The Sarawak Cultural Village is the award winning living museum that showcases the heritage of the major racial groups in Sarawak. The concept is to build up a condensation of Sarawak’s ethnic diversity in the 17 acres village. Visitors get the chance to personally experience the different lifestyles of seven tribes at the distinct longhouses models. Its multi-ethnic cultural performance at the mini theatre is another fun event not to be missed that portrays the distinct cultures of the many ethnic groups.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 26

Case Study Example This can however be analyzed using the SWOT method (Lussier, 2012).   Trademarks, patents and copyright –Starbucks has numerous copyrights for items like packaging and patents on certain products and designs. This gives them complete autonomy on these products, brands and internet domains that cannot be owned by other companies. Global Responsibility- the company is focused on reducing negative environmental impacts and contributing positively to the society. It has created employment globally and established youth leadership initiatives. They have established a green program that is aimed at recycling and reusing waste materials and reducing water usage. Profitability-Starbucks is one of the fastest growing brands globally, it has opened numerous stores all over and its profits have been on the rise outmatching their close opponents and getting returns on their investments Quality experience- the selling point of Starbucks is in its quality of products that enhances the customers experience, with a wide range of products the customers are spoilt for choice and the quality and customer service is deemed excellent. Employee management- Starbucks has created employment opportunities worldwide in their stores and support facilities. Most of the employees have joined unions that represent them and offered a wide range of benefits and a pay rate that is higher than that offered by the competitors. Negative publicity- The Company has received some negative reviews regarding its treatment of employees and suppliers, there has been some lawsuits filed against them that does not portray them positively. There has also been criticism about its green program and tax evasion scandals. Emerging economies-Starbucks has the opportunity to expand its operations to the emerging economies all over the world especially in Africa and Asia. This will increase its customer base and maximize its profits because of less or

Characterisation material physical properties of porous materials Article

Characterisation material physical properties of porous materials - Article Example According to this theory, three different kinds of waves propagate within the porous material. One is the compression wave propagating in the fluid phase, the second is the compression wave travelling in the solid phase, and the third is the shear wave propagating in the solid phase (Pan & Jackson). The Biot model for predicting sound propagation in porous materials is based on five material properties, also called Biot parameters, of the material. These five parameters include the porosity of the material, its airflow resistivity, tortuosity, thermal characteristic length, and viscous characteristic length. The present review discusses the current methods for measuring and predicting these five Biot parameters. 2 Material Physical Properties in Biot Theory This section details the characterization of the material physical properties, i.e. the five Biot parameters, of porous materials. A review of the properties themselves along with the methods for measuring and predicting them is p resented. 2.1 Porosity (?) The porosity of a material is the â€Å"relative fraction, by volume, of the air contained within the material† (Fellah et al. 2003, p. 296). ... Other non-destructive methods have been applied for the estimation of porosity. Beranek (cited in Leclaire et al. 2003) gave a very simple method, in which the porous material is saturated with water and placed in an airtight chamber that is linked to a manometer. This method was based on Boyle’s law and was helpful in estimating the open porosity of the material having surfaces with open-pores. Another method that utilised Beranek’s principle was that by Champoux et al. (cited in Leclaire et al. 2003), which had a very elaborate system involving a micrometer and a differential pressure transducer. Recently, many different methods have been proposed and applied by various investigators to measure the porosity of materials. For instance, the method by Connolly (cited in Yang 2011) uses a thermographic method. In this method, the correlation between porosity and thermal diffusivity is derived by analysing the heat diffused in the sample upon heating with a laser. Other me thods include the use of X-ray computed tomography, microwaves etc to measure porosity. ASTM D6226-05 test standard describes another method that uses a gas pycnometer for measuring porosity (Pan & Jackson 2009). This method uses an apparatus consisting of calibrated expansion and sample chambers. The porous sample is placed in the sample chamber and subjected to a certain predetermined increase in pressure. This method is also based on Boyle’s law and measures the open pore volume of the sample. Another method given by Salissou and Panneton (cited in Pan & Jackson 2009) was based on the experimental determination of the solid phase volume of the material. Four tests for measuring the masses with and without the sample at

Sports life experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports life experience - Essay Example My interest in swimming was inspired by my family. Even before I became a swimmer, swimming was a leisure activity that brought part of my family together whenever they needed an enjoyable time out. Today, swimming is one of the many sports I enjoy with or without the notion of leisure or a family time out. In other words, swimming continues to define my sporting personality. Another key experience that I have in sports is shooting. In this sporting activity, I have one-year experience. When I started shooting, I was confident that I would progressively develop my amateur shooting skills. Over the course of the one year, I became a first learner and quickly raised my bar beyond that of an amateur. Today, my experience in shooting is outstanding one year on. Shooting as a sporting activity enables me to switch from one activity to another, thus eliminating monotony in my sports life. More diversity in my sports life experience is reflected in horse riding. In this sport, I have one-year experience. Before I started horse riding, I was looking for a sport that would redefine my ability, potential, and risk-taking perspective. The idea was to engage in a sport that would further test my agility. My one year experience in horse riding has been exceptional in the sense that it capitalizes on my optimistic perception and approach to life. My experience in sports has had its long-term aspect as well. I have over four years’ experience in bodybuilding and at least five years’ experience in soccer. In the body building practice, I am driven by the need to stay healthy, in shape, to work with other experts in this field, and ultimately to build a competitive platform for my sporting expertise. Every day challenges the previous day, but this is the factor that enhances my skills and experience in sports especially in bodybuilding. Finally yet importantly, I play an active role in soccer. This sport is common and famous

William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing Essay -- William Shakespe

William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the play "Much Ado About Nothing", William Shakespeare describes how a person can do a lot of things out of nothing. There are four main characters in this play that find a lot to do about stupid things and it can make things very difficult. The main characters are: Benedick, Claudio, Beatrice, and Hero. Shakespeare explains the roles of these four different characters and how relationships work. It's amazing what he knew 400 years ago about relationships and how it is very similar to today's relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benedick is the young Lord of Padua, and is a man who will never get married nor settle down with one woman. Benedick is what we would call in the nineties, a bachelor. He likes to play the field and is a typical male, Benedick thinks that no woman can hold him down and he will never fall in love. Benedick will also never listen to a girl or do what she says either. Then he comes into the town of Messina and Claudio and Don Pedro decide to play cupid and match up Benedick and Beatrice. Benedick thinks that Beatrice is in love with him and wants to wed him, which is somewhat untrue and this changes Benedict's mind completely. He is now flustered with emotions and is in love and he wonders how this could be. Now Beatrice is a very pretty woman but the old Benedict didn't care, he's a man and no woman can hold him down. The new Benedict, on the other hand is head over heels in love and would do anything for sweet Beatrice. This is very ironic on how a person can chan ge completely when falling in love. A great example is when Beatrice tells Benedick to kill Claudio, his best friend, and he ponders it and then says I will draw him to a duel. That is when the audience knows for sure that Benedick is in love and it is also the changing point in the play for Benedick.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Claudio is the young Lord of Florence, and he is a handsome young man and has a thing for Hero, and in fact proposes to her and marries her. Claudio is like a Tom Cruise in today's society, he is every woman's dream man. Claudio is also a good man, as Leonato, Hero's father, just adores Claudio with all his heart. Leonato thinks Hero is a lucky woman since Claudio is a perfect man. Claudio is also Benedick's best friends and they get along very well together despite their differences in takes on women. Claudio is the gentleman... ...explain. Hero is a beautiful woman caught in the middle of high school rumors and it really hurts her and her father. When they find out that Hero is right with her story the friar has to come up with an idea on how to get her back with Claudio. The plan is that Hero killed herself and she has a cousin who is almost identical as Hero(which is truly Hero) which Claudio will marry cause he feels so bad about his love. So Hero and Claudio end up happily together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This play is a great example of a relationship where best friends date two woman who are close and something bad is bound to happen. But in "Much Ado About Nothing", William Shakespeare ends it with a two couple wedding which is usually in his plays. Claudio and Hero have a beautiful wedding and Benedick and Beatrice also do have a fine wedding. Everything turns out okay despite the rumors that were stirred up by Don John the Bastard. I think this play is a great example of relationships and how people act and can change in them. It is amazing how Shakespeare writes this play as if it was in today's time period with relationships, but then I guess love doesn't change and people may always act this way when in love.

Golding’s modern fable “Lord of the Flies” Essay

What gave Golding the inspiration to write the great novel, Lord of the Flies? He wrote the ‘Lord of the flies’ novel soon after the war, which was later published in 1954. So it was soon after the war when he wrote it. So was this where his inspiration came from for the novel. Did seeing children suffering give him ideas? Did the Hitler give him inspiration for jack and Churchill for Ralph? Did the war lead him to write the book at all? We don’t know now, and probably never will do! But we can guess. We can try and work out what made him write this incredible tale of the children gone savages who fight for survival on the island. The children where being evacuated from the war when they crashed. Ralph was the first character to be introduced. He came out the story to be the strong one. The leader who only wanted the best to come of things and to end it all and get home, just like Winston Churchill wanted to win the war. Jack on the other side, turned out to be more evil, more sadistic and much more savage then Ralph. He was being compared to Hitler or Mussolini. The main evil powers in the Second World War. The conch represents the democracy in the play. It could well be related to the democracy between countries, the vote, the councils and the League of Nations. Golding could well of thought of a symbol that was needed to represent this on the island. The only thing stopping them from tearing each other imp from limp. Just like the rest of the world in the war. The conch was there for peace on the island, and the councils were there to stop the world from destroying one another completely. The fire could well represent a piece of the war of mass destruction. The blitz, for example. It destroyed half of London, like the fire destroyed half the island. Londoner’s were getting scared the war would never end, after something so bad happened. Golding incorporated this by using it like the boys on the island, seeing this destruction made them realise, this may never end, and they may all die soon. Once they had been there a little while. They began to turn into savages. Ralph knew this wasn’t going to end soon. They knew things were going to happen, friends and enemies would be made and it would be along time till it ends. This was the case of the war. Hitler and Churchill knew it was a long-term war and they could be there for years. Golding probably noticed during the war, that people tried to be brave. But beneath the skin, they are truly scared. The people who went off to war, had to be brave, to show those they are confident, that they want to win, to set an example for the people at home and the children. Golding sees this, and puts this into his characters. Everyone on the island was scared, Especially the littluns. Ralph and Jack have to be strong. They are scared, but need to put on a brave face for the sake of everyone. People will breakdown without stronger people to support them like Ralph and jack and the bigguns. Golding has again, related his characters to the human beings that took part in the war. He has compared them, and they basically have the same feelings, just shown in different ways and surroundings. Golding also relates the ending to the war. How d-day is the same as the last bit of the Book. However, Ralph was now related to Hitler and Jack, Churchill. This is because, Jack is winning, and he almost has Ralph, almost has him stuck and almost has the end of Ralph. He has him cornered, when it ends. Just before Ralph is about to be killed it all over. The ordeal they have gone through has ended in 5 minutes. Just like, the last day of the war, When Germany is close to loosing, they surrender, and it’s all over. I think the early 20th century was a good source for Golding’s book, ‘Lord of the Flies’. The war was the main thing to happen in the years of Golding writing the book. He saw things first hand and wrote down this in a story, which he changed to make a story, but used the same roots as the war stories. Golding book was a fabulous story of boys, who are stranded, but he hides the fact hat it’s related to the war well. You don’t really notice it, but looking beneath the skin of the book, you actually realise the strong resemblance it has with the war.