Gandhis Salt March of 1930

The much-publicized, 24-day, 240-mile Salt March began on March 12, 1930, when 61-year-old Mohandas Gandhi led an ever-growing group of followers from the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea at Dandi, India. Upon arriving at the beach in Dandi on the morning of April 6, 1930, loincloth-clad Gandhi reached down and scooped up a lump of salt and held it high. This was the beginning of a country-wide boycott of the salt tax, imposed upon the people of India by the British Empire. The Salt March, also known as the Dandi March or Salt Satyagraha, became a prime example of the power of Gadhis  satyagraha, passive resistance, which ultimately led to India’s independence 17 years later. Why a Salt March? The manufacture of salt in India was a government monopoly established in 1882. Though salt could be obtained from the sea, it was a crime for any Indian to possess salt without having purchased it from the government. This ensured that the government could collect a salt tax. Gandhi proposed that every Indian refuse to pay the tax by making or purchasing illicit salt. Not paying the salt tax would be a form of passive resistance without increasing hardship for the people. Salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), was an important staple in India. Vegetarians, as many Hindus were, needed to add salt to food for their health since they did not get much salt naturally from their food. Salt was often needed for religious ceremonies. Salt also was used for its power to heal, preserve food, disinfect, and embalm. All of this made salt a powerful emblem of resistance. Since everyone needed salt, this would be a cause that Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, and Christians could all jointly participate in. Landless peasants, as well as merchants and landowners, would benefit if the tax were lifted.  The salt tax was something that every Indian could oppose. British Rule For 250 years, the British had dominated the Indian sub-continent. At first, it was the British East India Company that forced its will on the native population, but in 1858, the Company turned over its role to the British Crown. Until independence was granted to India in 1947, Great Britain exploited India’s resources and imposed an often brutal rule. The British Raj (rule) improved infrastructure to the land, including the introduction of railroads, roads, canals, and bridges, but these were to aid in the export of Indias raw materials, carrying India’s wealth to the mother country. The influx of British goods into India prevented the establishment of small industries within India. In addition, the British levied heavy taxes on various goods. Overall, England imposed a brutal rule in order to protect its own trade interests. Mohandas Gandhi and the INC wanted to end British rule and bring about India’s independence. Indian National Congress (INC) The Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, was a body made up of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Parsi, and other minorities. As the largest and most prominent Indian public organization, it was central to the movement for independence. Gandhi served as president in the early 1920s. Under his leadership, the organization expanded, becoming more democratic and eliminating distinctions based on caste, ethnicity, religion, or sex. In December of 1928, the Indian National Congress passed a resolution asking for self-rule within the year. Otherwise, they would demand complete independence and would fight for it with satyagraha, non-violent non-cooperation.  By December 31, 1929, the British government had not responded, so action was needed. Gandhi proposed opposing the salt tax. In a Salt March, he and his followers would walk to the sea and make some illegal salt for themselves. This would begin a country-wide boycott, with hundreds of thousands breaking the salt laws by making, gathering, selling, or buying salt without British permission. The key to the struggle was non-violence. Gandhi declared that his followers must not be violent or he would halt the march. A Warning Letter to the Viceroy On March 2, 1930, Gandhi wrote a letter to Viceroy Lord Irwin. Beginning with â€Å"Dear Friend,† Gandhi went on to explain why he viewed British rule as a â€Å"curse† and outlined some of the more flagrant abuses of the administration. These included obscenely high salaries for British officials, taxes on alcohol and salt, the outlandish land revenue system, and the importation of foreign cloth. Gandhi warned that unless the viceroy was willing to make changes, he was going to begin a massive program of civil disobedience. He added that he wished to convert the British people to nonviolence and thus make them see the wrong they have done to India. The viceroy responded to Gandhi’s letter but offered no concessions. It was time to prepare for the Salt March. Preparing for the Salt March The first thing needed for the Salt March was a route, so several of Gandhi’s trusted followers planned both their path and their destination. They wanted the Salt March to go through villages where Gandhi could promote sanitation, personal hygiene, abstention from alcohol, as well as the end of child marriages and untouchability. Since hundreds of followers would be marching with Gandhi, he sent an advance team of satyagrahis (followers of satyagraha) to help the villages along the path prepare, making sure that food, sleeping space, and latrines were ready. Reporters from around the world were keeping tabs on the preparations and the walk. When Lord Irwin and his British advisers learned the specifics of the plan, they found the idea ridiculous. They hoped that the movement would die out if it was ignored. They began arresting Gandhis lieutenants, but not Gandhi himself. On the Salt March At 6:30 a.m. on March 12, 1930, Mohandas Gandhi, 61 years old, and 78 dedicated followers began their trek from the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad. They resolved not to return until India was free of the oppression the British Empire imposed on the people. They wore sandals and clothes made of khadi, cloth woven in India. Each carried a woven bag containing a bedroll, a change of clothes, a journal, a takli for spinning, and a drinking mug. Gandhi had a bamboo staff. Progressing between 10 to 15 miles a day, they walked along dusty roads, through fields and villages, where they were greeted with flowers and cheers. Throngs joined the march until thousands were with him when he reached the Arabian Sea at Dandi. Although Gandhi had prepared for subordinates to continue if he were arrested, his arrest never came.  The international press was reporting the progress and, had Gandhi been arrested along the way, it would have increased the outcry against the Raj. When Gandhi feared the inaction of the government might dim the impact of the Salt March, he urged students to suspend their study and join him. He urged village headsmen and local officials to resign their posts. Some marchers broke down from fatigue, but, despite his age, Mahatma Gandhi stayed strong. Daily on the trek, Gandhi required each marcher to pray, spin, and keep a diary. He continued to write letters and news articles for his papers. At each village, Gandhi collected information about the population, educational opportunities, and land revenue. This gave him facts to report to his readers and to the British about the conditions he witnessed. Gandhi was determined to include untouchables, even washing and eating in their quarters rather than in the places where the high-caste reception committee expected him to stay. In a few villages, this caused upset, but in others, it was accepted, if somewhat reluctantly. On April 5, Gandhi reached Dandi. Early the following morning Gandhi marched to the sea in the presence of thousands of admirers. He walked down the beach and picked up a lump of natural salt from the mud. The people cheered and shouted Victory! Gandhi called on his companions to start collecting and making salt in an act of civil disobedience. The boycott of the salt tax had begun. The Boycott The boycott of the salt tax swept across the country. Salt was soon made, bought, and sold in hundreds of places across India. People along the coast gathered salt or evaporated seawater to obtain it. People away from the coast bought salt from illegal vendors. The boycott expanded when women, with Gandhis blessing, began picketing foreign cloth distributors and liquor shops. Violence broke out in a number of places, including Calcutta and Karachi, when police tried to stop the lawbreakers. Thousands of arrests were made but, surprisingly, Gandhi remained free. On May 4, 1930, Gandhi wrote another letter to Viceroy Irwin describing his plan for followers to seize the salt at the Salt Works in Dharasana.  However, before the letter could be posted, Gandhi was arrested early the next morning. Despite Gandhi’s arrest, the action was to continue with an alternate leader. At Dharasana on May 21, 1930, approximately 2,500 satyagrahis peacefully approached the Salt Works but were brutally attacked by the British. Without even raising a hand in their defense, wave after wave of protesters were clubbed over the head, kicked in the groin, and beaten. Headlines around the world reported the bloodbath. An even larger mass action took place near Bombay on June 1, 1930, at the salt pans in Wadala. An estimated 15,000 people, including women and children, raided the salt pans, collecting handfuls and sackfuls of salt, only to be beaten and arrested.  Ã‚   In all, about 90,000 Indians were arrested between April and December 1930. Thousands more were beaten and killed. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact Gandhi remained in jail until January 26, 1931. Viceroy Irwin wanted to end the salt-tax boycott and thus began talks with Gandhi. Ultimately, the two men agreed to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. In exchange for an end to the boycott, Viceroy Irwin agreed that the Raj would release all the prisoners taken during the salt upheaval, allow residents of coastal areas to make their own salt, and allow non-aggressive picketing of shops selling liquor or foreign cloth. Since the Gandhi-Irwin Pact did not actually end the salt tax, many have questioned the efficacy of the Salt March. Others realize that the Salt March galvanized all Indians into wanting and working for independence and brought worldwide attention to their cause.

The History of the Christian Church Essay - 859 Words

The fall and decline of the Roman Republic became an act of survival and it destroyed Rome completely. The only way for farmers to survey, would be to make their own fighting equipment and they would struggle everyday, they had nothing. The land would be ugly, not maintain because, they had nothing to maintain it with, and they were poor. The farmers had no choice but to sell their property to the Romans, also know as the Socrates. Also, in 133 B.C the Gracchi brothers were trying to make situation better by relocating farmers in the North Africa, but along the way they were both killed. Marius and Sulla were a new role for the Roman Army but, shortly they were against one another. Marius made a list of Sulla’s friend and had them killed.†¦show more content†¦Why did Christianity appeal to people, especially women? â€Å"So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for these sums up the law and the Prophet†. I believe this quote from Jesus was very important during this time, between Roman and Jesus, because it was all about death and slavery. Roman’s most certainly didn’t believe in fairness but more control and power. Christians believe in equality between all humans. The belief of Christology was spreading, a 100 churches developed in popular cites of the east and other places towards the west area of the empire, even Latin-speaking people took a liking to Christian belief. The Christians belief was important to people, because it brought them hope for equal rights. Men were accepted by this religion and it gave them the opportunity to suppress the thought of war and death. Men gained some belief, that they are more to this world, then being a warrior and losing their lives. Christianity really took an affect on women during this time, because wome n were so miss treated and used by society. Christianity gave them the right to be respected, well treated and loved. 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Motivation & Performance Effects in Retail Sector-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about "how can motivation become an onset to the rates of turnover in retail sector". Answer: The strategy of self-determination theory Motivation also helps in a quality performance as this is one of the factors that influence employees to effort in their job and make proper outcome from it. In modern time corporate vision encourages employees to meet their target and make a good position in the organization. In retail industries selling products and meet the target is the most important objectives that state position of every employee. Self-determination theory is an organizational behavior that signifies different attitudes of management and employees (Guntert, 2015). If supportive leadership and understanding the organization development has linked to the process then employees will get bets motivation from the organization. The turnover intention of employees is the control motivation that regarded as an important predictor in a relationship. In case of behavioral attitudes from employees management assumes distraction of focus or any changes in performance considers the turnover for employees. Job satisfaction is considered as the important aspect and organization has to set a legitimate work structure for employees. As mentioned by Guntert (2015), Turnover intention can be mitigated through the process of job satisfaction and this behavioral change can only focus on satisfying employees and deliver better opportunities for employees to work in an efficient way. Through the organizational citizenship behavior the intrinsic motivation of employees can be judged. Intrinsic motivation helps employees to balance their work-life balance and regulate proper outcome through the process. In case of multiple mediations analysis employees can grow their patience and that will help in their organization work culture. Special training and development have introduced in this section and that will help to engross the quality of the production. The effect of performance measurement and compensation The payment and performance of an employee are proportional as these two variables are directly or indirectly help employees to make a sustainable position in the organization. Employees highly appreciate better payment, extra amount of money and the promotional strategy. If the organization is not willing to pay adequate money for the proper work then performance of employees decreases and that effects on the production. However, if there is a better promotional aspect for employees then it will be a higher change of employees motivation. Extrinsic motivation is highly appreciated in this factor. As mentioned by Herpen, Praag Cools (2005), employees are love to gain a good position in the company, they enjoy the status and designation with the increased level of remuneration and that will impact on their employers satisfaction as well. There are some compensation facilities as well and that will help in providing the satisfaction. Opportunities are numerous in this globalized world, so whenever employees are feeling uncomfortable in the situation they intend for a change, extrinsic motivation helps them to back on track. Turnover ratio signifies internal dilemma of management and employees and showcases that employees are not happy with the management and that s the reason they quit the job (Herpen, Praag Cools, 2005). However, proper extrinsic management can deliver better performance for the employee and they happily accepted any sorts of struggle and challenges for the designation and promotions. Job satisfaction for employees and effects in health Most of the low and middle-income counties have faced less motivation and employee issues in their nation. Turnover ratio is very high in that case and most of the employees are in decision space at one time, when they have to decide the consequence of existing with a dilemma or leave the job, most of the employees choose the second option. Motivation and job satisfaction are two significant aspects that formulate employees for career development and intended to strengthen their performance so that better position can be gained through the performance (Bonenberger et al., 2014). Health safety is another aspect that influences employees and organization has to take care of that fact to provide extra observation of employees health. The process is evolved for mitigating the risk that they faced during their work and if any mishap happens organization takes care of that. As mentioned by Bonenberger et al., (2014), cross-sectional survey analyses the significant matter of employees health care method and that provides effective extrinsic development in an organization that supports employees satisfaction as well. Therefore, motivation and job satisfaction can mitigate turnover intention in retail industries. The target audience is an important aspect of this section that signifies better selling process for the industries and that suggests better career development for employees as well. The extrinsic and intrinsic approach is also important and that also influence employees to stay in the organization and deliver the best outcome for the sustainable condition of the organization. References Bonenberger, M., Aikins, M., Akweongo, P., Wyss, K. (2014). The effects of health worker motivation and job satisfaction on turnover intention in Ghana: a cross-sectional study.Human resources for health,12(1), 43. Gntert, S. T. (2015). The impact of work design, autonomy support, and strategy on employee outcomes: A differentiated perspective on self-determination at work.Motivation and Emotion,39(1), 74-87. Van Herpen, M., Van Praag, M., Cools, K. (2005). The effects of performance measurement and compensation on motivation: An empirical study.De Economist,153(3), 303-329.